21 April 2024 , 12:00
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A deep housing crisis is plaguing locals on the Hawaiian island of Maui after the devastating wildfire that utterly levelled the historic town of Lahaina and claimed 101 lives.
The fire exacerbated Maui's already acute housing shortage and exposed the presence of vacation rentals owned by individuals from the mainland, contributing to the housing crisis by reducing the available housing supply for local residents.
Among those affected was Amy Chadwick, a single mother of two, who lost her home in the blaze. Chadwick had spent years saving to buy a house in Lahaina. However, after the fire reduced her home to white dust, she faced a rental market where the cheapest option for her family and dogs was $10,000 a month.
Unable to afford such high rents, Chadwick, a fine-dining server, made the difficult decision to move to Florida where her homeowners insurance dollars could stretch further.
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Burned cars and destroyed buildings in the aftermath of a wildfire in Lahaina, western Maui, Hawaii (AFP via Getty Images)Chadwick said that most people affected work for hotels, restaurants and tour companies in the once-tourist hub of Lahaina and can’t afford $5,000 to $10,000 a month in rent. Chadwick said: "You’re pushing out an entire community of service industry people.
"So no one’s going to be able to support the tourism that you’re putting ahead of your community. Nothing good is going to come of it unless they take a serious stance, putting their foot down and really regulating these short-term rentals."
The fire exacerbated Maui's acute housing shortage and exposed the significant presence of vacation rentals (AFP via Getty Images)The wildfire destroyed housing for 6,200 families, amplifying Maui's already acute housing shortage and laying bare the enormous presence of vacation rentals in Lahaina. It reminded lawmakers that short-term rentals are an issue across Hawaii, prompting them to consider bills that would give counties the authority to phase them out.
Governor Josh Green got so frustrated he blurted an expletive during a recent news conference. Green said: "This fire uncovered a clear truth, which is we have too many short-term rentals owned by too many individuals on the mainland and it is b———t. And our people deserve housing, here."
Lawmakers are considering legislation to give counties the authority to phase out short-term rentals (AFP via Getty Images)Vacation rentals are a popular alternative to hotels for those seeking kitchens, lower costs and opportunities to sample everyday island life. Supporters say they boost tourism, the state's biggest employer. Critics revile them for inflating housing costs, upending neighbourhoods and contributing to the forces pushing locals and Native Hawaiians to leave Hawaii for less expensive states.
This migration has become a major concern in Lahaina. The Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement, a nonprofit, estimates at least 1,500 households — or a quarter of those who lost their homes — have left since the August wildfire.
Critics argue that vacation rentals inflate housing costs and contribute to the displacement of locals (AFP via Getty Images)The blaze burned single-family homes and apartments in and around downtown, which is the core of Lahaina's residential housing. An analysis by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization found a relatively low 7.5% of units there were vacation rentals as of February 2023.
Lahaina neighbourhoods spared by the fire have a much higher ratio of vacation rentals: About half the housing in Napili, about 7 miles (11 kilometres) north of the burn zone, is short-term rentals. Napili is where Chadwick thought she found a place to buy when she first went house hunting in 2016. But a Canadian woman secured it with a cash offer and turned it into a vacation rental. Also outside the burn zone are dozens of short-term rental condominium buildings erected decades ago on land zoned for apartments.
The historic town of Lahaina was burnt to the ground (AFP via Getty Images)In 1992, Maui County explicitly allowed owners in these buildings to rent units for less than 180 days at a time even without short-term rental permits. Since November, activists have occupied the beach in front of Lahaina's biggest hotels to push the mayor or governor to use their emergency powers to revoke this exemption.
Money is a powerful incentive for owners to rent to travellers: a 2016 report prepared for the state found a Honolulu vacation rental generates 3.5 times the revenue of a long-term rental.
One person dead and hundreds of buildings destroyed as fire blows through state
Volunteers sort out donations in Lahaina, western Maui, Hawaii on August 12, 2023 (AFP via Getty Images)For all the latest news, politics, sports, and showbiz from the USA, go to The Mirror US.
State Representative Luke Evslin, the Housing Committee chair, said Maui and Kauai counties have suffered net losses of residential housing in recent years thanks to a paucity of new construction and the conversion of so many homes to short-term rentals. He said: "Every alarm bell we have should be ringing when we’re literally going backwards in our goal to provide more housing in Hawaii."
In his own Kauai district, Evslin sees people leaving, becoming homeless or working three jobs to stay afloat. The Democrat was one of 47 House members who co-sponsored one version of legislation that would allow short-term rentals to be phased out.
Old Lahaina Center and Foodland Lahaina standing amongst destroyed homes and businesses along Front Street (AFP via Getty Images)One objective is to give counties more power after a US judge in 2022 ruled Honolulu violated state law when it attempted to prohibit rentals for less than 90 days. Evslin said that the decision left Hawaii's counties with limited tools, such as property taxes, to control vacation rentals.
Lawmakers also considered trying to boost Hawaii's housing supply by forcing counties to allow more houses to be built on individual lots. But they watered down the measure after local officials said they were already exploring the idea. Short-term rental owners said a phase-out would violate their property rights and take their property without compensation, potentially pushing them into foreclosure. Some predicted legal challenges.
The devastating fire destroyed homes and claimed 101 lives (AFP via Getty Images)Alicia Humiston, president of the Rentals by Owner Awareness Association, said some areas in West Maui were designed for travelers and therefore lack schools and other infrastructure families need. Humiston said: "This area in West Maui that is sort of like this resort apartment zone — that’s all north of Lahaina — it was never built to be local living."
One housing advocate argues that just because a community allowed vacation rentals decades ago doesn't mean it still needs to now. Sterling Higa, executive director of Housing Hawaii's Future said: "We are not living in the 1990s or in the 1970s. [Counties] should have the authority to look at existing laws and reform them as necessary to provide for the public good."
Courtney Lazo, a real estate agent who is part of Lahaina Strong, the group occupying Kaanapali Beach, said tourists can stay in her hometown now but many locals can't. At a recent news conference, she said: "How do you expect a community to recover and heal and move forward when the people who make Lahaina, Lahaina, aren’t even there anymore? They’re moving away."